Human Factors and Strategic Approaches in Cybersecurity: Threats for Critical Infrastructures in NIS2 Dοmains

In 2024, the intensity and frequency of cyber attacks reached unprecedented levels worldwide, with organizations experiencing a notable 28% increase in weekly incidents compared to late 2023. This sharp escalation brings with it severe financial consequences, with global cybercrime losses projected to soar to $13.82 trillion by 2028. Of particular concern are attacks targeting critical national infrastructure (CNI), where the interconnectedness brought about by Industry 4.0 and accelerated digitalization has significantly broadened the attack surface, exposing essential services to elevated risks.